Habits of a Systems Thinker

Habits of a Systems Thinker Definitions

Seeks to understand the "big picture" A systems thinker "steps back" to examine the dynamics of a system and the interrelationships among its parts. S/he sees the forest, rather than the details of any one tree.

Observes how elements within systems change over time, generating patterns and trends Dynamic systems are made up of interdependent elements, the values of which change over time. A systems thinker may use a tool such as a behavior-over-time graph to record and observe the patterns and trends those changes generate.  The graphs can provide insight into the interdependence of the elements and the structure of the system.

Recognizes that a system's structure generates its behavior: focuses on structure, not on blame A systems thinker understands that blame is not an effective practice to bring about lasting change to a complex system. Rather, focusing on the structure of the system facilitates an understanding of the outcomes of the system. A systems thinker realizes that to effect change within a system; s/he must use knowledge of the system's structure.

Identifies the circular nature of complex cause and effect relationships, i.e. interdependencies A systems thinker knows that the cause & effect relationships within dynamic systems are circular rather than linear. Complex cause and effect relationships include balancing feedback, in which the system is trying to reach and maintain a goal (e.g. the heating system in a house or cruise control on a car). There also may be reinforcing feedback, such that the more you start with the more it increases over time (e.g. population or investments). To increase understanding of complex cause and effect relationships, systems thinkers use causal loop diagrams, connection circles, and stock/flow maps.

Changes perspectives To understand how a dynamic system actually works, a systems thinker looks at the system from a variety of different angles and from differing points of view, perhaps in collaboration with others.

Surfaces and tests assumptions A systems thinker will rigorously examine assumptions in order to gain insight into a system.  Insight put into action can lead to improved performance.

Considers an issue fully and resists the urge to come to a quick conclusion A systems thinker is patient.  S/he will take time to understand the system's structure and its behaviors before recommending and implementing a course of action. A systems thinker also understands that succumbing to the urge for a quick solution can create more problems in the long term. S/he is aware of the tension created when a resolution is not immediately implemented and is able to hold that tension while a deeper understanding of the system is developed.

Considers how mental models (i.e., attitudes and beliefs derived from experience) affect current reality and the future. Mental models are the beliefs and attitudes gained through experience that influence the way a person views the world and takes action. Working with a dynamic system requires a systems thinker to be mindful of how mental models affect the system's outcomes now and in the future.

Uses understanding of system structures to identify possible leverage actions Based on an understanding of the structure, interdependencies, and feedback within a system, a systems thinker implements the leverage action that seems most likely to produce desirable outcomes.  According to Senge (1990), leverage is ".....seeing where actions and changes in structure can lead to significant, enduring improvements."

Considers both short and long term consequences of actions Before taking action to change a dynamic system, a system thinker weighs the possible short and long-term outcomes of the action. This practice increases the probability of the chosen action producing the desired outcomes.

Finds where unintended consequences emerge Before any action is taken to change the outcomes of a dynamic system, a systems thinker uses proven strategies (e.g. systems archetypes or a system dynamics model) to anticipate unintended consequences. If it is determined that probable unintended consequences are unacceptable, another course of action is explored.

Recognizes the impact of time delays when exploring cause & effect relationships A systems thinker recognizes that when an action is taken within a complex, dynamic system, the outcome of the action may not be seen for some time. A systems thinker will account for the impact these delays may have within the system.

Checks results and changes actions if needed: "successive approximation" By definition, dynamic systems are constantly changing over time. A systems thinker, therefore, monitors and evaluates the behavior of the system and takes action when needed to assure the system continues to produce the desired results.

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